身體姿態是否能改變情緒反應?
閱讀對我來說一直是很有趣的體驗,閱讀並不只限於書本,從網路文章到影片或人物,其實各種媒材都可以閱讀。有趣的是有時候看過的內容會再次以不同的形式浮現,而這個時候才發現自己原來一直走在同個軌道上,往興趣前進。
行為學派看事情的方式就是─「你無法測量的就不存在。」特色就是講求實證和實驗,講求科學和檢驗。Millenson的行為學派情緒理論指出控制情緒有三種方法。1.適應與習慣。2.偽裝。3.迴避。這邊我想討論的是第二種,偽裝。
社會心理學中有個實驗是讓受試者擺出微笑的表情,並測試經過一個事件後評量該事件的有趣程度,結果是被勉強擺出微笑組比起沒表情組覺得還要有趣…當時看了覺得半信半疑,那時候的自己總覺得是很能控制情緒的,也沒有想過自己對情緒的判斷其實並不準確,也常常找錯情緒產生的原因。好像對自己太有自信了點。
「研究證實,不論不舒服的情緒為何,面對鏡子微笑或做激勵人心的士氣或喊話,確實能有效轉換為愉悅的情緒…保持抬頭挺胸、自信滿滿的姿勢完成一份工作,與另一組受試者以自然的身體姿勢相較,更能感受到工作是勝任愉快的。可見身體姿勢確實對情緒感受造成了影響。」(曹中瑋,2013,110頁)
曹中瑋在書中也提到偽裝是人們在社會化的歷程中必然會學習到的情緒表達方式。當我們被主管數落一頓後,馬上要回到工作岡位上,多數的我們只能嘆口氣然後繼續完成該做的事。或許這種時候就是運用身體去改善情緒的好時機。
這段TED影片中對於身體姿勢對個人的影響有很清楚的講解和應用。不過這是在2012年的演講,在這幾年間Amy Cuddy(影片講者)也補充了關於目前此類研究的進展,可點此。 大概的意思是對於身體姿勢是否影響賀爾蒙(睪固酮、可體松)仍是有爭論的,不過她還是強調自己的研究結果證實肢體表現對心理感覺是有幫助的。(她本身的故事很令人動容,建議可看完影片)
TED: So what is the power posing effect?
AC: I now refer to this general phenomenon as the “postural feedback effect,” but if I am choosing just one effect – one outcome — the key finding is simple: adopting expansive postures causes people to feel more powerful…. . What’s absolutely clear from the studies is that adopting expansive poses increases people’s feelings of power and confidence. …As Columbia University professor Adam Galinsky and colleagues wrote in a 2016 review, a person’s “sense of power … produces a range of cognitive, behavioral, and physiological consequences,” including improved executive functioning, optimism, creativity, authenticity, the ability to self-regulate and performance in various domains, to name a handful.
Amy Cuddy的主要發現在於採取擴張的身體姿態會使人感覺到有自信的。另一份2016的研究則指出個體知覺自己是否強大會影響其認知、情緒與行為結果。
In
this vein, the second postural feedback effect is more like a constellation of
effects, supported by dozens of studies, and it is this: adopting expansive postures seems to activate the behavioral approach
system. A bit of background: Two systems are believed to
drive most human feelings, thoughts, behaviors and even physiology — approach
and avoidance (i.e., inhibition). When our approach system is activated, we are happier, more optimistic,
more confident, more creative, more likely to take action, more likely to seek
rewards and opportunities, more physically energetic and less inhibited, among
other things. Activation of the inhibition systems leads to the opposite
effects. According to the well-established approach/inhibition theory of
power, power activates the approach system, whereas powerlessness activates the
inhibition system.
採取擴張身體姿態則會啟動「行為趨近系統(behavioral approach system)」(研究指出有兩種會驅動人們感覺、思考、行為甚至心理狀態的系統─趨近與迴避系統),在行為趨近系統啟動的情況下,我們會感到較快樂、樂觀導向,自信與創意,更願意採取行動,尋求獎賞和機會、感到身體有活力與較少感到害羞。
下段訪談則說明了現今研究的累積和感到自信有甚麼好處,以及研究的限制。
When we look at the complete collection of published
experiments on adopting expansive versus
contractive postures — there are 57 studies from more than 100 researchers
— we can see a pattern of feelings,
thoughts and behaviors that represent
the behavioral approach system, such as
performance in stressful situations, motivation, flexibility/rigidity of
beliefs, ability to remember positive/negative words, ability to be focused and
present, interest in learning new things, physical strength, assertiveness,
mood and leadership behavior, among other related outcomes.
But it will be critical to examine each of
these individual effects in greater detail, through replication attempts, and
in different contexts. Surely, results will be nuanced and mixed, with some
effects proving to be more robust than others.
當中提到許多採取「擴張姿態」的研究都發現了當個體處在「行為趨近系統」下會擁有的模式─「完成在壓力情境下的作業、聚焦在當下、喜好學習新事物、能夠回憶起正向/負向字詞、身體強度提升、果斷的、領導行為。但同時研究的結果要擴大解釋有其困難度。畢竟現實生活和研究情境仍有很大的差距。
從那時候的一段影片,到現在以情緒、正念心理學的角度去對這些內容做重新的詮釋和理解,我對於身體姿態改變情緒是抱持著肯定的態度的,不過我認為其應用程度有限,時間和持續強度也有限。大多時候我們都是不知不覺地縮起自己的身體,沒有注意到自己的身體姿態「看」起來就很低落。
自從半年多前開始做瑜珈,我才比較對身體姿勢有所自覺。以前總是無精打采地在等電梯、排隊,現在則會注意自己的站姿,或是走路的感覺。比起之前比較挫折或無力的心情,現在確實有種開心過一天也是一天的態度,比較活在當下,對周遭環境覺察力較高,我想這是很適合我的一種方法。或許你可以試著找到適合你自己,又能改變你的身體姿態的休閒活動,試試看這對你有沒有幫助!
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